(AW) The Assignment of Week 9

Name    : Safitri Dyah Utami

NIM       : 2201411058

Class      : 103-104

ASSIGNMENT FOR WEEK 9

Ø  PRACTICE  1

A.      1. There are three direct quotations used in the model paragraph.

2. Reporting verbs and phrases that used to introduce the direct quotations are stated, quoted as saying, and according to.

B.      1. Dr. Yixuan Ma, a well-known astrophysicist who has been studying black holes, said, “It is one of the most interesting phenomena we astrophisicists have ever studies.”

2. As she explained, “In black holes, the laws of nature do not seem to apply.”

3. “A black hole is a tiny point with the mass 25 times the mass of our sun,” explained Ma’s associate, Chun-Yi Su. “Black holes are created by the death of a very large star,” she said.

4. “It is an invisible vacuum cleaner in space,” she added, “with tremendous gravitational pull.”

5. According to Dr. Su, “If a person falls into a black hole, he will eventually be crushed due to the tremendous gravitational forces.”

6. “Time will slow down for him as he approaches the event horizon,” she said, “and when he reaches the event horizon, time will stand still for him.”

Ø  PRACTICE 2

A.      1. There are four indirect quotations in the paragraph.

2. There reporting verbs or phrases introduce in the indirect quotations are said that, estimated that, and said. The one which do not contain the word that is according to.

B.      Yes, it follows the sequence of tenses rules. The verb tense does not change because it uses the phrase according to.

C.      1. Television channel KSA General Manager Jim Burns said that not everyone could attend college in the traditional way; therefore, taking courses via television would offer many more students the chance to earn a college degree.

2. Pre-med student Alma Rodriguez said that she missed being on campus, but she had to work and took care of her family.

3. Other students said that last year, they had spent several hours a day commuting to and from school. Now they didn’t have to do that.

4. Computer engineering student Amir Mehdizadeh stated that he could choose when to study and how to study without pressure. He also said that he would take two more telecourses in the fall.

D.      1. In 1993, the head of the International Olympic Committee’s medical commission, Prince Alexandre de Merode of Belgium, stated that he believed that as many as 10% of all Olympic athletes were regular users of performance-enhancing drugs.

2. In a 1997 article in Sports Illustrated magazine, Dutch physician Michael Karsten is quoted as saying that there might be some sportsmen who could win gold medals without taking drugs, but there were very few.

3. According to Dr. Karsten, if you are especially gifted, you may win once, but from his experience you can’t continue to win without drugs. The field is just too filled with drug users.

Ø  PRACTICE 3

A.      1. Artificial Languages

Notes:

Descartes – to create languages – international use – Esperanto – easy to learn and speak – drawn from English, German, the Romance languages – Latin – Greek – Interlingua – constructed from Latin, the Romance languages, and English – Esperanto – scattered – Interlingua – not yet achieved much popularity.

Paraphrase:

There were hundreds of studies to make artificial language for International use. One of the most successful was Esperanto which was introduced by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. It derived from English, German, the Romance languages, Latin and Greek. After that, there was Interlingua which derived from Latin, the Romance languages, and English. However, Interlingua are not as popular as Esperanto which used by many people because of the ease of learning and speaking it.

2. Artificial Languages-Objections

Notes:

Objection – constructed languages – haven’t developed – thought carrying – direction – western European and American nations.

Paraphrase:

First difficulty to construct languages is the difficulties to develop ideas and meanings. It is very different from natural languages ​​are constantly evolving for centuries. Second, the artificial languages ​​always lead to the use of the language of the west. There are only a few loanwords from Slavic, Asiatic, and African.

B.      1. Americans

Notes:

Ethnic diversity – absorb – many culture – unique culture – anyplace – behavior – observable traits.

Paraphrase:

The United States has many kind of different cultures. It pervades into an exclusive culture which differ from other cultures and spread in the world. Their behaviors which very stick out are openness, friendliness, informality, optimism, creativity, loudness, and vitality.

2. The Work Ethic of Americans and Europeans

Notes:

Americans schedule – relaxation – Americans executives – drive hard – fewer holidays – shorter vacation – workaholics – europeans – not working on weekend.

Paraphrase:

Americans have a little rest time because of their busy schedules. Americans executives are kind of workaholic which take short time to relaxing themselves. No wonder, Americans executives will choose to work on weekend which is very different from Europeans that prefer not working on weekend.

Ø  PRACTICE 4

A.      1. Summary of Artificial Languages:

Esperanto was the most popular artificial language. It was introduced by Dr. Zamenhof of Poland. It was constructed from English, German, the Romance languages, Latin and Greek. Another artificial language was Interlingua. It was constructed from Latin, the Romance languages, and English. Interlingua was not very popular like Esperanto which used by people throughout the world because it was easier to learn and speak.

2. Summary of Artificial Languages-Objections:

There are some difficulties in building artificial languages. First, developing the same senses and ideas in artificial languages are not easy. Besides, making balance languages which carries not only the western thought but also all over the world thought is seen as a hard thing.

3. Summary of Americans:

The United States’ prominent cultures which very distinctive and spread all over the world are their behaviors. Their most popular behaviors are openness, friendliness, informality, optimism, creativity, loudness, and vitality.

4. Summary of The Work Ethic of Americans and Europeans:

Americans and Europeans have different views on working. Americans tend to have tight schedule and less free time. Otherwise, Europens tend to like more free time for vacation and reject to work on the weekend.

B.      Summary of A Less Social Becoming Shy

1.       Paragraph 1

American’s technologies such as Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) and self-service gas have conducted the society become uncommunicative. The developed technologies which spread in America make people more quiet and lonely in doing anything.

2.       Paragraph 2

There are three causative factors that make this shy society. Firstly, the automatic technology prevent people to communicate with others. Second, the personal computer and home electronic entertainment lead people have a little contact with others. They tend to use e-mail rather than telephone. Third, the different way of educating children and the fear of crime. Children rarely played outside so the kids do not have the opportunity to develop the leadership skills of the playground.